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CitationSnead, A.A., Meng, F., Largotta, N. et al. Diploid chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation for Lycorma delicatula. Sci Data 12, 579 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04854-8AbstractThe spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is a planthopper species (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) native to China but invasive in South Korea, Japan, and the United States where it is a significant threat to agriculture. Hence, genomic resources are critical to both management and understand the genomic characteristics of successful invaders. Here, we report a haplotype-phased genome assembly and annotation using PacBio long-read sequencing, Hi-C technology, and RNA-seq data. The 2.2 Gbp genome comprises 13 chromosomes, and our whole genome sequencing of eighty-two adults indicated chromosome four as the sex chromosome and anXO sex-determination system.We identified over 12,000 protein coding genes and performed functional annotation, facilitating identification of several candidate genes which may hold importance for spotted lanternfly control. Both the assemblies and annotations were highly complete with over 96% of BUSCO genes complete regardless of the database employed (i.e., Eukaryota, Arthropoda, Insecta). This reference-quality genome will serve as an important resource for both development and optimization of management practices for the spotted lanternfly and invasive genomics as a whole.Description of the data and file structureThis dataset contains the haplotype-phased chromosome-level genome assembly of the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) described and published in Snead & Meng et al. (in review). The genome combined long-read data and HiC data (SRA31402152-SRA31402153) to assembly and scaffold each haplotype. The annotation uses RNAseq data from 12 adults (SRA31411873-SRA31411894) to structurally annotate both haplotypes. Finally, whole-genome sequencing of 82 adult spotted lanternfly (bioproject PRJNA1136004) described in the metadata csv provided was used to identify punitive sex chromosomes. The dataset also include GO results for each chromosome not explicitly described in the results of the manuscript.Files and variablesFile: SLF_Hap1.fastaDescription: A fasta file of the assembled genome for the cleaned 13 chromosome haplotype 1 assembly.File: SLF_Hap2.fastaDescription: A fasta file of the assembled genome for the cleaned 13 chromosome haplotype 2 assembly.File: SLF_Hap1_Repeats.gffDescription: A gff file of the repeats annotated in the cleaned 13 chromosome haplotype 1 assembly.File: SLF_Hap2_Repeats.gffDescription: A gff file of the repeats annotated in the cleaned 13 chromosome haplotype 2 assembly.File: SLF_Hap1.gffDescription: A structural annotation of the 13 chromosome haplotype 1 assembly with functional annotations.File: SLF_Hap2.gffDescription: A structural annotation of the 13 chromosome haplotype 2 assembly with functional annotations.File: GO_plot_chr_1.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 1.File: GO_plot_chr_2.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 2.File: GO_plot_chr_3.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 3.File: GO_plot_chr_8.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 8.File: GO_plot_chr_5.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 5.File: GO_plot_chr_4.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 4.File: GO_plot_chr_6.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 6.File: GO_plot_chr_7.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 7.File: GO_plot_chr_11.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 11.File: GO_plot_chr_9.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 9.File: GO_plot_chr_10.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 10.File: GO_plot_chr_12.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 12.File: GO_plot_chr_13.pngDescription: An image of the top 20 GO term results for chromosome 13.File: SLF_Samples_SRA.csvDescription: A csv with the sequencing information, SRA numbers, and sexes of the adults used in to identify the putative sex chromosome.File: SLF_RNAseq_Metadata.csvDescription: A csv with the sequencing information, SRA numbers, and other metadata for the RNAseq used to annotation the genomes.Variablesaccession: The SRA accession numberstudy: The studyobject_status: If the NCBI submission was new or not.bioproject_accession: The bioproject accession numberbiosample_accession: The Biosample accession numberlibrary_ID: The ID used to identify that genomic library.title: The title of the study (the bioproject)library_strategy: Specific sequencing technique used to prepare the library.library_source: The biological material used to create the sequencing library.library_selection: The library preparation method.library_layout: The arrangement of reads within the sequencing library.platform: The sequencing platform.instrument_model: The model of the sequences.design_description: Description of the study design.filetype: Type of filefilename: First filefilename2: Second filesex: The biological sex of the adult.Code/softwareThe initial haplotype-phased scaffolded genome was assembled by Dovetail Genomics (Cantata Bio) with standard software outlined in the methods with default settings. Scripts for the remaining work including annotation, gene ontology enrichment, and other analyses are located in the Github repository (https://github.com/anthonysnead/SLF-Genome-Assembly(opens in new window)).Access informationOther publicly accessible locations of the data:The raw sequencing data and the annotated haplotype-phased genome assembly of Lycorma delicatula have been deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The Hi-C and HiFi data can be found under SRA31402152 and SRA31402153. The RNA-seq data can be found under SRA31411873-SRA31411894, while the DNA-seq data can be found under bioproject PRJNA1136004. 

Over the past three decades, the bed bug Cimex lectularius has resurged as a prominent indoor pest on a global scale. Knockdown-associated insecticide resistance (kdr) involving the voltage-gated sodium channel, targeted by organochlorine and pyrethroid insecticides, was first reported in C. lectularius within a few years of the widespread use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and has been implicated as a significant factor contributing to the species’ recent resurgence. Since then, selection with pyrethroid insecticides has intensified, yet little is known regarding its short-term impacts on the frequency of kdr-associated mutations. Here, we report temporal changes in the frequencies of three kdr-associated mutations in C. lectularius populations collected across the USA from two time periods, sampled approximately a decade apart. The results reveal a significant increase in the frequencies of kdr-associated mutations over this period and the absence of the insecticide-susceptible genotype in recent collections. Furthermore, a significant transition was observed toward infestations possessing multiple kdr-associated mutations. These findings suggest that the persistent use of pyrethroid insecticides over the past decade continues to impose strong selection pressure on C. lectularius populations, driving the proliferation of kdr-associated mutations. They demonstrate that, if unabated, strong anthropogenic selection can drive the rapid evolution of adaptive traits.